All About the Rock Called Chert

Chert is the name for a widespread type of sedimentary rock that is made of silica (silicon dioxide or SiO2). The most familiar silica mineral is quartz in microscopic or even invisible crystals; that is, microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline quartz. Learn more about how it is made and find out what it is made of. Chert Ingredients Like other sedimentary rocks, chert starts with particles accumulating. In this case, it happened in bodies of water. The particles are the skeletons (called tests) of plankton, microscopic creatures that spend their lives floating in the water column. Plankton secretes their tests using one of two substances that are dissolved in water: calcium carbonate or silica. When the organisms die, their tests sink to the bottom and accumulate in a growing blanket of microscopic sediment called ooze. Ooze is usually a mixture of plankton tests and extremely fine-grained clay minerals. A clay ooze, of course, eventually becomes claystone. An ooze that is primarily calcium carbonate (aragonite or calcite), a calcareous ooze, typically turns into a rock of the limestone group. Chert is derived from a siliceous ooze. The composition of ooze depends on details of geography: ocean currents, the availability of nutrients in the water, world climate, depth in the ocean, and other factors. Siliceous ooze is mostly made of the tests of diatoms (one-celled algae) and radiolarians (one-celled animals or protists). These organisms build their tests of completely uncrystallized (amorphous) silica. Other minor sources of silica skeletons include the particles made by sponges (spicules) and land plants (phytoliths). Siliceous ooze tends to form in cold, deep water because calcareous tests dissolve in those conditions. Chert Formation and Precursors Siliceous ooze turns to chert by going through a slow transformation unlike that of most other rocks. The lithification and diagenesis of chert is an elaborate process.   In some settings, siliceous ooze is pure enough to lithify into a lightweight, minimally processed rock, called diatomite if composed of diatoms, or radiolarite if made of radiolarians. The amorphous silica of a plankton test is not stable outside the living things that make it. It seeks to crystallize, and as ooze is buried to depths greater than 100 meters or so, the silica begins to mobilize with the modest rise in pressure and temperature. There is plenty of pore space and water for this to happen, and plenty of chemical energy being released by crystallization as well as by the breakdown of organic matter in the ooze. The first product of this activity is hydrated silica (opal) called opal-CT because it resembles cristobalite (C) and tridymite (T) in X-ray studies. In those minerals, silicon and oxygen atoms align with water molecules in a different arrangement than that of quartz. A less-processed version of opal-CT is what makes up with water molecules in a different arrangement than that of quartz. A less-processed version of opal-CT is what makes up common opal. A more processed version of opal-CT is often called opal-C because in X-rays it looks more like cristobalite. The rock composed of lithified opal-CT or opal-C is porcellanite. More diagenesis causes the silica to lose most of its water as it fills pore space in the siliceous sediment. This activity converts the silica into true quartz, in microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline form, also known as the mineral chalcedony. When that happens, chert is formed. Chert Attributes and Signs Chert is as hard as crystalline quartz with a hardness rating of seven  in the Mohs scale, maybe a bit softer, 6.5, if it still has some hydrated silica in it. Beyond simply being hard, chert is a tough rock. It stands above the landscape in outcrops that resist erosion. Oil drillers dread it because its so hard to penetrate. Chert has a curvy conchoidal fracture that is smoother and less splintery than the conchoidal fracture of pure quartz; ancient toolmakers favored it, and high-quality rock was a trade item between tribes. Unlike quartz, chert is never transparent and not always translucent. It has a waxy or resinous luster unlike the glassy luster of quartz.   The colors of chert range from white through red and brown to black, depending on how much clay or organic matter it contains. It often has some sign of its sedimentary origin, such as bedding and other sedimentary structures or microfossils. They may be abundant enough for a chert to get a special name, as in the red radiolarian chert carried to land by plate tectonics from the central ocean floor. Special Cherts Chert is a quite general term for noncrystalline siliceous rocks, and some subtypes have their own names and stories. In mixed calcareous and siliceous sediments, the carbonate and the silica tend to segregate. Chalk beds, the calcareous equivalent of diatomites, may grow lumpy nodules of chert of the type called flint. Flint is commonly dark and gray, and more lustrous than typical chert. Agate and Jasper are cherts that form outside the deep-sea setting; they occur where fractures allowed silica-rich solutions to enter and deposit chalcedony. Agate is pure and translucent whereas Jasper is opaque. Both stones commonly have reddish colors from the presence of iron oxide minerals. The peculiar ancient banded iron formations consist of thin layers of interbedded chert and solid hematite. Some important fossil localities are in chert. The Rhynie Cherts in Scotland contain remains of the oldest land ecosystem from nearly 400 million years ago early in the Devonian Period. And the Gunflint Chert, a unit of banded iron formation in western Ontario is famous for its fossil microbes, dating from the Early Proterozoic time some two billion years ago.

Reflection on Human Rights - 821 Words

Yasmin Castaà ±eda Dr. Loskot PHIL 201 October 29th, 2012 Reflective Essay on Universal Declaration of Human Rights Every single human being on this planet has rights. These rights are given to us through birth, and the day I was asked, what my human rights were, I found myself speechless. I did not know how to answer the question, which at the time sounded so easy. I forgot about the question that had me so puzzled, and just brushed it off, ironically six month later I get an assignment on the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. After reading this historic document, I realized how important human rights are. I believe most people take human rights for granted, we know they exist, but we don’t even know what they are†¦show more content†¦The Declaration is an optimal model of the mutual relations of the country and the personality. The rights and the freedoms of the citizens, and also their duties are an important social and political institution. The Declaration unites all the listed above elements into a legal international control of the defense of human rights becoming an essential socio-political document ever signed for the protection of the world. â€Å"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.† These opening words of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights express a concept of man which underpins the framework of human rights embodied in the Universal Declaration and the two international covenants of Human Rights. Western political traditions is a concept that it derives from, is in harmony with moral and social teachings to be found in many other traditions and patterns of belief. References Feldman, Jean-Philippe. Hayeks Critique Of The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights. Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines, Volume 9, Issue 4 (December 1999): 1145-6396. Glendon, Mary Ann (2002). A world made new: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Random House. ISBNShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper On Human Rights890 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Rights Reflection According The universal declaration of human rights everyone has the right to life, liberty and security. All states have the duty to protect the human rights of citizens as well as anyone living on their soil. As stated before in the UN Human Rights Approaches to Development and Cooperation, the basic human rights principles are: universal, inalienable, and indivisible (Genser, 2014) Human rights violation are seen by governments with great interest. Human rights are seenRead MoreReflection Paper On Human Rights1459 Words   |  6 Pagesstanding up for human rights, the author is stimulating a human right environment and strengthening the link between them and social works primary mission. Through the story of a woman with disabilitiesand working, the author applies Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and NASW Code of Ethics to relate to authors experience in a human rights environment. Page Break I remembered there was a time when I stood up for rights of another person;Read MoreInformation Communication Technology Ethics823 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology Ethics | Reflections | This document contains the reflections on all topics and lectures taught in the class mentioned above. | | Reflection (1) Philosophy amp; Ethics; â€Å"allows us to breakout of prejudices and harmful habits that we held since we were too young or too naà ¯ve to know better†. Also allows us to see and appreciate other views of the world and study it to see â€Å"the consequences of our views†, because what we think amp; know might not be right â€Å"inconsistent†. WhatRead MoreWhat We Don t Talk About Service1324 Words   |  6 Pagesfundamental texts in the discussion of ethics, Nicomachean Ethics outlines Aristotle’s idea of eudaimonia, as the ultimate goal of a good and successful human life, achieved through habitual practices of moral virtues. Unlike a contemporary understanding of happiness (a type of feeling), happiness to the Greeks was an â€Å"activity of soul† - a reflection of a person’s position in the community and mindfully acting to live in a good way (happiness as an action). In â€Å"What We Don’t Talk About When We Don’tRead MoreBusiness And Human Rights : The Evolving International Agenda By John Gerard Ruggie1504 Words   |  7 Pages Article Reflection and Case Summary 2 Tong, Yiran (Nina) #3480572 University of New Brunswick, Saint John MBA 7102 Deryk Stec Jan 29, 2015 â€Æ' Article Reflections Business and Human Rights: The Evolving International Agenda by John Gerard Ruggie Summary and background This paper analyzes the development of human rights and business in an international view, states the factual issues, and provides strategies to improve the existing realities. The article explains the conceptual challenges toRead MoreJohn Lockes Theory of Knowledge Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pagesknowledge from experience. Ideas acted as raw materials and by knowing the relation of the ideas, we got knowledge. All ideas are based on experience but knowledge can also be justified by intuition and demonstration. By sensation and reflection, we get sensitive, intuitive and demonstrative knowledge with different degrees of certainty and ways of evidence. In investigating the two main sources of ideas of Locke, we then will explain the two kinds of knowledge which basedRead MorePersonal Views On Philosophy And Philosophy893 Words   |  4 PagesEight weeks ago, I was one who internally had developed specific views of my individuality and what it meant to be human through personal life experiences. I never put much thought into ideology or views that have shaped our world into what it is today. This class, not only through readings and interactions has enlightened me into being a more rounded human being. It has added an intellectual viewpoint that has changed my way of thinking throughout daily life interactions. I am humbled to admit exactlyRead MoreFrankenstein1009 Words   |  5 PagesFrankenstein seems to be an exact representation of the ideas of the 17th century philosopher John Locke. In Locke’s â€Å"An Essay Concerning Human Understanding,† he talks about the idea that we as humans are all born with a ‘blank slate’ that contains no knowledge whatsoever and that we can only know that things exist i f we first experience them through sensation and reflection. In Frankenstein, the monster portrays Locke’s ideas of gaining knowledge perfectly through worldly experience of learning his surroundingsRead MoreManagment 5301062 Words   |  5 Pagesfocus have been human resources, communications, marketing, management, administration and business. I enjoy teaching online because I learn so much from each individual student! By sharing experiences we can all learn from each other and apply what weve learned to our own professions. In addition, I have a passion for online learning because it gives so many non-traditional students an opportunity to complete degrees. Previous to teaching online full time, I was the Director of Human Resources andRead MoreEthics And The Ethical Standards For Human Service Professionals870 Words   |  4 PagesCourse Reflection Paper Ethics In Human Services. When I entered this class I did not know anything about ethics or what it meant. I learned so many thing that it would take to long to list them all. I do understand the Ethics Code and the Ethical Standards for Human Service Professionals. That is one think I will have to always have with me and if I need to have a cheat sheet to look back on as I move forward. My biggest challenge was my grammar as I need to continue to work on this through out

An Analysis Of The Savannah Guides Organisation - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the An Analysis Of The Savannah GuidesOrganisation. Answer: Introduction: In the modern era the concept of tourism is growing rapidly. The phenomenon of tourism is growing rapidly and the impacts are intensely varied. It can be observed that from time immemorial the concept of tourism has played an important role in uplifting the socio-economic, political and environmental development in the destination countries by offering new opportunities. However in recent trends with the arrival of sustainable tourism the concept of tourism received new recognition. The concept of sustainable tourism rears from sustainable development. In order to meet the requirements of the present without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs and requirements the term sustainable development has arrived (Dowling 2013). Thus sustainable tourism can be defined as a tourism activity which will be beneficial in maintaining long term results for uplifting the social, cultural, economical and environmental development of a country. This assignment see ks to provide an illustration of an organization known as Ecotourism Australia whose focus from the very beginning was to promote the practice of ecotourism throughout Australia by developing ecotourism practices. Discussion: Objectives: Since time immemorial Ecotourism Australia has been successful in holding sustainability as a core principle in its business operations (Ecotourism.org.au 2018). The website states that Ecotourism Australia from the very beginning has set out its objectives in promoting and delivering ecologically sound practices at the limelight of the tourism industry (Ecotourism.org.au 2018). As stated by the website Ecotourism Australia is a certification provider for over 1,500 tourism products. It is noteworthy to mention here that the certification programs provided by Ecotourism Australia has been successful in creative incentive for tourism operators in order to grasp best methods of practice by encouraging tourism sustainability in future (Wearing et al., 2014). The annual Global Eco Conference is hosted by the Ecotourism Australia the longest conference of ecotourism in the world. The tourism organizations, operations, protected area managers, best practices initiatives and sustainability has been brought together by the conference. Ecotourism Australia has provided a different meaning to the definition of ecotourism. According to it ecotourism is something which is ecologically sustainable whose primary focus is to experience the natural environment by nurturing the understanding based on culture and environment, conservation and appreciation. Operations: Ecotourism Australia in order to emphasize on environmental impact developed the Climate Action certification program in order to dedicate to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. According to the staffs the Ecotourism Australia has under the Climate Action certification and therefore is certified as a Climate Action Leader by achieving the highest level of certification under this program (Cobbinah 2015). The contribution of Ecotourism Australia in the promotion of environmental sustainability has been remarkable. The Ecotourism Australia as a Climate Action leader has been successful in limiting the amount of greenhouse emissions from the operational framework by managing the extent of risks relating to the change of climatic impacts (Walker and Hawkins 2013). The staffs have confirmed that a wide range of strategies have been developed in order to mitigate risks of climate changes. According to the staffs such developed range of strategies may be present in the offices of Eco tourism Australia by ensuring smooth working of the operations which will remain well sustained in the future. The development of early tourism provided little consideration to the limitations of natural resources, indigenous cultures and the protection of wildlife. However the Ecotourism Australia has focused in promoting sustainable tourism in order to create opportunities for community development in the remote areas. Ecotourism Australia as an organization has chosen sustainable tourism over the polluting ventures of tourism. The contribution of Ecotourism Australia has been enormous in creating job opportunities, building regions, protecting the natural environment and inspiring the visitors (Gssling and Buckley 2016). In this way the organization has created impact on current and future development of social, economic, environmental factors by addressing and balancing the needs of the visitors. Currently, the operations of Ecotourism Australia are involved in the promotion of sustainable travel in order to provide benefits to the host communities and culture by minimizing the impacts on environment (Smits 2013). The operations of Ecotourism Australia are not directed towards economic achievements however it emphasizes on educating the tourists about the concept of travelling in natural environment. According to the officials of the organization by selecting an experience in ecotourism over the traditional system of decision the consumers will be making a sensible decision in order to reduce the impact on environment (Ecotourism.org.au 2018). As stated by the officials such decision can be personally gratifying and consumers opting for ecotourism are responsible citizens. The investors of Ecotourism Australia aimed to adopt sound technologies in order to minimize the consumption of groundwater. The investors of Ecotourism Australia have focused on the use of ecological materials by the installation of renewable sources of energy. The investors from the very beginning have provided the application of ecological methods in maintaining the grounds of National Parks including the maintenance of golf courts and recreational gardens. Outcomes: Ecotourism Australia being Australias peak industrial body had represented about 500 operators and members since time immemorial. In this regard in order to achieve sustainable future the Ecotourism Australia has provided consistency in increasing the resources for cultural heritage (Carmody 2013). According to the officials National parks and other protected green areas are the principal assets of ecotourism and government should take initiatives for the protection of these National Parks so that the industry could flourish in the future (Ecotourism.org.au 2018). In order to meet National Standards, the Ecotourism Australia promoted the development of tourism within these National Parks in order to ensure protection and value in the long run. By reorganizing the current policies on ecotourism several initiatives were taken by the group of Ecotourism Australia in strengthening future tourism agencies and destination development. The officials confirmed that the national and state gov ernments have developed and implemented various plans based on ecotourism. In order to expand research on tourism the chairman of Ecotourism Australia has emphasized the development of reports based on the outcomes and indicators of tourism (Hewett 2014). The organization by including its stakeholders has created local and regional tourism boards. These tourism boards have proved to be beneficial in promoting the concept of sustainable tourism within the local and regional governments. As stated by the officials the tourism boards provided assistance in motivating the consumers to adapt ecotourism above the traditional methods of tourism. The tourism boards helped to promote education on ecotourism in a large extent. Conclusion: In the conclusion it can be stated that in order to improve the environment along with the lives of host communities. For instance the subject matter of ecotourism can be considered as a powerful tool in empowering the host communities by protecting their environment. Ecotourism Australia has undertaken the concept of ecotourism by enhancing employment opportunities with the preservation of ancient knowledge and culture. In order to create positive opportunities for sustainable development the concept of sustainable tourism was adopted by the organization in order to develop positive opportunities for community development in remote areas. The Ecotourism Australia has been successful in developing long and short term plans in order to benefit the tourism industry in Australia. Lastly it can be stated that in order to minimize the effect of carbon footprint in travel it is required that visitors should adopt the new concept of ecotourism in order to make the world a better place to li ve in. in order to experience authentic and educational tour it is important that individuals should contribute back to the communities. References: Carmody, J., 2013. Intensive tour guide training in regional Australia: an analysis of the Savannah Guides organisation and professional development schools.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,21(5), pp.679-694. Cobbinah, P.B., 2015. Contextualising the meaning of ecotourism.Tourism Management Perspectives,16, pp.179-189. Dowling, R., 2013. The history of ecotourism.International Handbook on Ecotourism. Edward Elgar, pp.15-31. Ecotourism.org.au. (2018).Sustainability Ecotourism Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.ecotourism.org.au/about/sustainability/ [Accessed 10 Jan. 2018]. Gssling, S. and Buckley, R., 2016. Carbon labels in tourism: persuasive communication?.Journal of Cleaner Production,111, pp.358-369. Hewett, P., 2014. Cooper Creek Wilderness: perspectives on maintaining a successful ecotourism-driven private protected area in Australia.Journal of Ecotourism,13(1), pp.64-70. Smits, E.A.J., 2013.Community participationand community involvement in the benefits among ecotourism operators: Comparing theory with practice by means of an in-depth case study in the Daintree Coast, Australia(Master's thesis). Walker, K. and Hawkins, E., 2013. Watching and swimming with marine mammals: the international scope, management and best practice in cetacean ecotourism.International handbook on ecotourism, pp.169-177. Wearing, S.L., Cunningham, P.A., Schweinsberg, S. and Jobberns, C., 2014. Whale Watching as Ecotourism: How Sustainable is it?.Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal,6(1), pp.38-55.